Rules Adopted by the Committees of the House of Representatives
The United States Congress is the legislative co-operative of the federal government and consists of two houses: the lower house known as the Business firm of Representatives and the upper firm known as the Senate. The words "Congress" and "House" are sometimes used colloquially to refer to the House of Representatives. There are 535 members of Congress: 100 senators and 435 representatives in the House.
Republicans currently control the Senate (54 to 44 Democrats) and the House (246 to 188).
Comparison chart
 | House of Representatives | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | The United States Business firm of Representatives is one of the 2 houses of the United States Congress. Information technology is oftentimes referred to equally the House. | The United States Senate is the upper firm of the bicameral legislature of the The states Congress. |
| Type | Lower house. Responds to the needs of the people faster since representatives only accept a 2 twelvemonth term. Laws dealing with acquirement must showtime in the Firm. | Upper house. The six year term means the Senate can be slower and consider the long-term effects of laws. |
| Seats | 435 voting members, 6 non-voting members: 5 delegates, 1 resident commissioner | 100 |
| Seats apportioned | Based on the population of each state | Two for each land |
| Length of term | 2 years. All 435 seats are up for reelection every two years. | 6 years. Here there is a continuous torso idea. But 1/iii of the senate seats are elected every ii years. And so only 34 or 33 senators are up for election at one time. |
| Term limits | None | None |
| Leadership | Nancy Pelosi (D) (Speaker); elected by the Firm of Representatives. | The President of the Senate [currently Kamala Harris (D) but votes in case of a necktie. When he or she is not available, the President pro tempore, a senator elected past the Senate [currently Patrick Leahy (D)] takes over on his behalf. |
| Majority Leader | Steny Hoyer (D) | Chuck Schumer (D) |
| Minority Leader | Kevin McCarthy (R) | Mitch McConnell (R) |
| Majority Whip | James Clyburn (D) | John Thune (R) |
| Minority Whip | Steve Scalise (R) | Dick Durbin (D) |
| Political groups | Autonomous (219), Republican (211), 5 vacant seats | Republican (48), Democratic (48), Independent (two) |
| Voting organisation | First-past-the-mail | First-by-the-post |
| History | Based on Virginia Program | Based on New Jersey Plan |
Size of Senate vs. House
While in that location are 100 seats in the Senate (two senators from each state), at that place are 435 seats in the House of Representatives (one representative from each of the various congressional districts, with the number of congressional districts in each state determined by the population).
The Reapportionment Human activity of 1929 set the final number of the House at the current 435, with commune sizes adjusted according to population growth. Still, as district borders were never defined definitively, they can and oft do stretch into peculiar shapes due to a exercise known as gerrymandering.
Gerrymandering is used at the state legislature level to create districts that overwhelmingly favor ane political party. Federal and Supreme Courtroom rulings have overturned gerrymandering efforts that have been perceived to be based on race, but otherwise some districts have been reconfigured to give one or some other party an extreme political reward, thus allowing that political party to secure more power in the country and in the House of Representatives.
A line graph showing which political parties have controlled the U.Southward. House of Representatives and Senate over the years. Click to overstate.
Roles of Representatives and Senators
The Firm plays a major part in authorities, mainly that of initiating all revenue-based legislation. Any proposal to raise taxes must come from the Business firm, with Senate review and approving. The Senate, on the other mitt, has sole power of blessing on strange treaties and cabinet and judicial nominations, including appointments to the Supreme Court.
In cases of impeachment (e.grand., Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998), the House determines if charges tin exist brought against the official, and a simple bulk vote approves or rejects the filing of charges (the impeachment process). If canonical, the Senate so serves as the investigative/judicial body to determine if the charges merit removing the accused official from his or her part. Withal, the vote in the Senate has to represent "a significant majority," normally taken to hateful 67 of the 100 votes.
Members of Congress are deemed to exist "across the power of abort" while in office, except in cases of treason, murder, or fraud. This stipulation has been used by representatives and senators to avoid subpoenas and other judicial procedures. A senator can waive the privilege at any time, but a member of the House has to submit his or her petition to a general vote. If a unproblematic bulk approves, the privilege tin be waived.
Congress has the power to amendment any citizen. Noncompliance with a congressional subpoena tin carry up to a one-year jail sentence. The case is heard in a judicial forum, and punishment (a judgement) for those found guilty of "contempt of Congress" is handled strictly by the judicial system.
The succession society in the federal government is president, vice president and then Speaker of the House, the leader of the representatives. The vice president is considered the "president" of the Senate, though he or she is not required or even expected to attend most Senate sessions. The Senate elects a "President Pro Tempore," oftentimes the senior, or longest-serving, senator of the majority party, who is responsible for managing twenty-four hour period-to-twenty-four hours business.
Length of Terms
Senators are elected for a six-year term, just House representatives just accept two-year terms earlier they demand to seek reelection. Every member of the House is up for election or reelection every ii years, just the Senate has a staggered system wherein only one-third of the Senators are up for election or reelection every 2 years. It is possible for the Firm to modify to a big extent (in terms of party control) every ii years, but changes are slower in the Senate. In both chambers, incumbents have a bang-up advantage over challengers, winning more than 90% of all contested races.
Qualifications
To be eligible as a representative, a person needs to be at least 25 years old at the time of the election and have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least vii years. To become a senator, one must be at to the lowest degree 30 years onetime at the time of the election and take lived continuously in the U.S. for at to the lowest degree 9 years. It is not a requirement to be a natural-born citizen in order to become a member of Congress.
Committees
Well-nigh of Congress' piece of work takes place in committees. Both the House and Senate take standing, special, conference, and joint committees.
Continuing committees are permanent and provide longer-serving members with power bases. In the Firm, key committees include Upkeep, Ways and Means, and War machine, while the Senate has Appropriations, Foreign Relations, and Judiciary committees. (Some committees exist in both chambers, such as Budget, Armed Services, and Veterans Affairs.) Special committees are temporary, formed to investigate, analyze, and/or evaluate specific issues. Conference committees are formed when legislation is approved in both the House and Senate; they finalize the linguistic communication in legislation. Joint committees feature members of the Business firm and Senate, with leadership of each committee alternate betwixt members of each chamber.
Committees too have subcommittees, which are formed to focus more closely on certain problems. Some have become permanent, only most are formed for limited fourth dimension frames. Although useful for zeroing in on key issues, the proliferation of committees, and especially subcommittees, has decentralized the legislative process and significantly slowed it, making Congress less responsive to changing trends and needs.
Debating legislation has stricter rules in the Business firm than in the Senate, applicative at both the commission and whole-body levels. In the Firm, debate time is restricted and topics are set beforehand, with discussions limited to the calendar. In the Senate, the tactic called filibustering is allowed. Once the floor is ceded to a senator, he or she can speak for as long as the senator chooses, on whatsoever topic; no other business tin be transacted while the person speaks. A filibuster is used to block potential legislation or Senate decisions until a favorable vote tin be called. This has resulted in sometimes comically absurd efforts on the function of senators. For example, during a 2013 filibuster over the Affordable Care Act, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) read from Greenish Eggs and Ham.
Origins of House and Senate
In general, the House represents the population, while the Senate represents a "landed/big property" populace. In colonial times, the proposed "legislative body" had 2 models. The Virginia Programme, endorsed by Thomas Jefferson, created a group of representatives based on population sizes, and then that more than populous states would have a greater voice in legislative issues. Opposing it was the New Jersey Plan that limited each state to the same number of representatives; the plan suggested that there exist something between 2 to 5 representatives per land. The New Jersey Plan was criticized for belongings larger states "hostage" to smaller states, equally each would have the same power base. This article in The New Yorker dissects it well:
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton absolutely hated the idea that each state should be entitled to the aforementioned number of senators regardless of size. Hamilton was withering on the topic. "As states are a drove of private men," he harangued his boyfriend-delegates at the Ramble Convention in Philadelphia, "which ought we to respect nigh, the rights of the people composing them, or of the bogus beings resulting from the limerick? Cipher could be more preposterous or cool than to sacrifice the former to the latter."
Per the Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, the United States adopted the bicameral system of the English language Parliament (i.east., House of Lords and House of Commons). The compromise was between the Virginia programme (small state) and the New Bailiwick of jersey proposal (large state), 2 competing ideas on whether each land should get equal representation in the federal regime or whether representation should be based on population. The compromise established that representatives in the lower business firm (House of Representatives) will be based on a population number (called a "district") while the upper business firm (Senate) would contain two representative from each state. It was too decided that all classes would be eligible to get senators, subject to historic period and residency restrictions.
References
- Congress.gov
- The System of Congress - Cliff Notes
- Wikipedia: United States Business firm of Representatives
- Wikipedia: United States Senate
- Wikipedia: Structure of the United states Congress
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